Economic Systems Capitalism, Communism and Socialism

Economic Systems 04/22/2014 Throughout history, nations or regions have supported different economic systems. Economic systems control the political economy, markets, consumer and public economics, national income, natural resources and other aspects. The economic systems lead the country towards its flourished and depraved situations. The systems also provide the type of business and government imposed on the societies and the country. Some of the economic systems are capitalism, communism and socialism. Capitalism is the system under which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit. Communism is an economic system in which all the means of production, land, labor and capital, are owned by the people but private property doesn’t exist. Also, in communism, all the lands are shared equally among everyone. Lastly, socialism is the system which is operated by the people who own the factors of production and act for the welfare of all. Thus, there are different types of economic syst ems because different systems are favorable in diverse countries depending on the influence it has had from other nations. Capitalism emerged in Europe after the downfall of feudalism. Capitalism was solely based on trade and capital, the traders profited more as the demand of goods increased. But, when the demand decreased, the traders lost almost everything. Early capitalists came up with new plans and new business methods to create wealth and this was called theShow MoreRelatedCommunism, Capitalism, and Socialism Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesThree different types of economic systems used by governments are Communism, Capitalism, and Socialism. Each type of system is unique in different ways. Each has distinct aspects that make it what it is. In communism, the government runs everything and there are no social classes. The government in capitalism doesn’t interfere with any businesses and lets the citizens own and operate them. Socialism is basically a mixture of the two economic systems. The government runs certain businesses,Read MoreCapitalism Vs. Socialism And Communism1175 Words   |  5 Pages Capitalism VS. Socialism/Communism Analysis The industrial revolution changed the way people lived. Before the industrial revolution all the work that is now done by machines was done by hand. It also allowed the ambitious working class man to join the rich at the top. This was done through capitalism and laisses-faire economics which gave businesses the ability to operate in a free market without government regulation. Capitalism deserves its share of criticism because of the abuses it causedRead MoreModern Political Ideas and Doctrines Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesa) How did Marx conceive the transition from capitalism to communism? Karl Marx is considered to be a historian, a philosopher, a political thinker, and an economist amongst other things. There is a standard misconception that Marx had no idea of economics, by contrast he was quite the economist, and was able to layout the transition of capitalism to communism in a very logical and understanding way. The transition of capitalism arises through three core factors: the philosophyRead MorePublic Services Funded By Taxpayer Money908 Words   |  4 PagesThrough my online class, I got the chance to learn about socialism, communism and capitalism. They are all different from each other even though there are some similar stuff between them there is a little thing that distinguishes each one from each other. In this paper, I will go through each term and how each and everyone is different from each other. First of all Socialism is a system of society in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state. It mostly relies on governmentalRead MoreEssay about Comparing Socialism and Communism 702 Words   |  3 Pagesto the communist conquest of power in the Soviet Union, there was an increase of 68.6 years in the life expectancy of all age group; hence the Soviet authorities used this improvement to demonstrate the competence of the socialist system to that of the capitalist system. Although, with the further continuance of this trend in the late 50’s up to early 60’s it made the life expectancy in the Soviet Union went beyond that in the United States. Dinkel R.H. further stated that in the 1964 the trend laterRead MoreMarxism And Socialism Essay1429 Words   |  6 PagesCan democratic socialism achieve Marxist socialism? Marx and Engels’ The Communist Manifesto states, â€Å"The first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle of democracy† (1888:32). Marx predicted that once proletariats had seized power, the state would abolish capitalism through collective ownership, taking economic control away from the free market and subsequently liberating society from alienation and oppression. ThisRead MoreFrom The Depths By William Balfour Ker1139 Words   |  5 PagesAnna Fogle, Northridge High School, 9th grade World History Intro to Capitalism Standard: 9.9) Describe the impact of technological inventions,conditions of labor, and the economic theories of capitalism, liberalism,socialism, and Marxism during the Industrial Revolution on the economies, societies, and politics of Europe. Common Core: CCRS-W9. Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. Objective: Students will analyze an image titled â€Å"FromRead MoreSocialism And The Second Is Capitalism922 Words   |  4 Pages There are to forms of economic systems that will be explained in the paper. Both of the topics will be about the origins of each form of economic system, what each hopes to achieve, and the pros and cons. The first is going to talk about socialism and the second is capitalism. Socialism is a government run by the public rather than by private individuals. Thus, in a socialistic country, the common public owns the factors of production and makes economic decisions. Therefore individuals do not workRead MoreEconomics Is The Science Of Scarcity1728 Words   |  7 PagesEconomics is the science of scarcity. Scarcity is when you have a population with unlimited wants coupled with limited resources. Essentially, economics deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. The societies in the books 1984 and Fahrenheit 451 both take advantage of some form of an economic system, whether it be the command economy of Oceania, or the overly consumerist economy of the dystopian United States. An economic system is how a society deals with theseRead MoreEssay about Comparative Economic Systems1244 Words   |  5 PagesComparative Economic Systems Capitalism is the economic system found in the United States, Japan, and Germany that are based on private ownership of productive property. Items are known as productive since their use can produce other objects of economic value, income, or money. Things such as a worker’s tools, a farmer’s fields, or a factory’s machine can be considered as productive property. The basic four factors of production that are important for any nation’s economy is land

Personality and Job Performance Volatile and Agile Nature

Question: Describe about the Personality and Job Performance for Volatile and Agile Nature. Answer: Introduction: Human mind has remained one of the most interesting areas of research in behavioral science. It is because of its volatile and agile nature. An individual is influenced by any simple, short-time incident positively or negatively. Our mind is linked with the mood and mood enables logical decision-making process. Such decisions are taken after deep thinking taking long-term impact into account. In other words, mind is the fountain of thoughts. Thoughts influence the actions. The actions define the personality type of an individual. The willingness of an individual affect on the job performance at workplace in terms of comfort, satisfaction, dedication, formation of attitude followed by behaviour. Organization is made of people and run for the people. The collective behavior of various teams reflects in overall picture of an organization by and large. It means the stakeholders are human beings i.e. employees, employers, customers etc. Their perceptions, attitude, approach, thinking patt ern, involvement, and level of satisfaction will define the success ratio of business for the organization (Patra, 2013). Therefore, relationship between personality and job performance is always on high priority for the corporate firms and taken care of. Nobody can afford to turn a deaf ear to this concern. Discussion: Personality can be considered as a bucket of various skills, values, habits, beliefs which makes an individual a unique character. Repetitive actions compel the individuals to behave in certain way, style. The repetitive behavior observed, experiences by others are part of the nature of a personality. Nature determined the level of motivation, reinforcement. After all, motivation is the driving factor of job performance. Sometimes, it is internal or external motivation. However, it can establish relationship between personality and performance. There are various best practices followed by the firms. Five-Factor Model i.e. Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism EAS (Emotionality, activity, and sociality) Model are some of the notable practices to mention few. Organizational behavior plays pivotal role in change management. (Example, Merger and Acquisition). Major changes are expected during the process of merger and acquisition or takeover between two companies or enterprises. The organization goes through critical and complex phase of change management. In such delicate situation, some of the employees are waiting to take undue advantage in terms of spreading rumours like wildfire which may cause huge loss in terms of brand management. The leader has great scope to apply the various models of personality and identify the trouble-makers and control the situation (Schein, 2004). In addition, policy framework and revision, review is possible from a third person point of view. Integrity could prove like a litmus test in this context (Katzenbach, 2014). The relationship between personality and performance is more visible in dealing with diverse workforce. These days, many firms have extended their geographical boundaries and become multi-national companies (MNCs). They have ready and ambitious to ride on the wave of glocalization i.e. being global and maintaining local simultaneously. It makes them unique and they stood away from rest of the world. However, managing multi-national, multi-linguistic, multi-cultural employees and achieving common organizational goals is possible only when communal harmony takes place in the team. Healthy relationship with each other certainly create good rapport and has positive impact on job performance in terms of achieving target and completing assigned tasks effectively with confidence. Organizational behavior empowers to identify the team members based on their personality traits and trigger the behavioral issues, if any. Here, preventive action is recommended than corrective one. The various research studies have revealed that self-knowledge, self-control and self-respect have contributed a lot while developing work-related attitude which is crucial and highly important for any organization. First of all, self-knowledge indicates willingness to learn new things and keeping updated, up-graded all the time to tackle new challenges. Secondly, self-control is to deal with internal and external conflicts. Here, internal conflicts means dilemma (to be or not to be!). It is essential to test our decisions on win-win situation side in spite of win-lose or lose-lose sides. Maturity and independent working with less or no supervision certainly leads to great performance. Naturally, you have inner satisfaction and you can feel it rather than think it. Self-respect empowers the employees to remove inferiority complex and boost their confidence. It increases the risk appetite. The team would be of fire-fighters! It is equally important to give and take respect without hur ting anybody. One can find some controversial facts as to measure the job performance at workplace. Performance is measured both in subjective and objective manners. It cannot be denied that performance measurement by immediate supervisors is a part of subjective while statistics of sales could be treated as objective measurement of a job performance. Fair and impartial measurement of performance reinforces the employees to contribute more while judging the staff based on prejudice, premature evaluation will prevent them from doing so. Here, standardization or benchmarking is very much essential factor which will ensure transparency in everything we do. Another important aspect which affects the relationship between personality and performance is self-discipline. It should be noted that it is not merely discipline. Discipline can be maintained through various rules and regulations. Again, it is an external factor. Hence, it cannot guarantee 100% and effective execution in terms of adherence. Employees fail to comply when it comes to integrity. They think What is in it for me? However, self-discipline is opposite to aforementioned. It is voluntary act which is not forced but accepted based on willingness. Hence, there are greater chances of involvement, acceptance. An individual haunted by self-discipline is not bothered about the fruits of his work or contribution. An employee keeps working and also sure that it will pay long-term benefits. It enables to maintain consistency, regularity. The principle of Each one counts is religiously followed in this context. Self-discipline leads to dedication, meeting deadlines and determination to achieve the goals. Hence, it has great value to job performance. Many times, behavioral issues, concerns cause damage to the team performance. It becomes complex and critical due to its hidden nature. Cold war between two groups of a team will lead nowhere in terms achieving team goals. Both the groups will waste their energy, time to play blame game in spite of real contribution. They will not be able to focus on the work. In this situation, a leader should notice the behavioral changes and fix the problem. Otherwise, it would be high time and may be all have to pay the price for the same (Armstrong, 2014). Flexibility could be another way to bridge the widening gap between personality and performance. It is expected by both the employers and the employees. Sometimes, employers expect it in terms of work rotation, extra-work, dealing with natural or man-made challenges etc. Employees too demand flexibility which consists of working hours, leaves etc. However, it has certain limits. Both of them should understand mutually. Negotiation skills will find out the golden mean to address the issues if any. In addition, trust factor can be developed. In this way, it will strengthen the employee-employer relationship and improve performance on regular basis. Employee Engagement has great significant contribution when it comes to performance. It is observed that 40-50% members in a team are looking for challenging job roles and responsibilities. Cognitive engagement proves to be a sort of value-addition to the job performance (Ongore, 2013). Especially, those who have worked for 3 to 5 years and have been doing same tasks find routine work monotonous. They tend to be casual and influence likewise to their colleagues. It is a job of a leader to explore their potential and appeal them to come up with initiative. It creates a new platform for them to exhibit their talent, skills for the team and company too. It is said that empty mind is devils workshop. Hence, to keep the team engaged all the time is essential and gives good results. It prevents blame game, dirty politics at workplace also. The various traits of personalities determine the scope of innovation and creativity. Every organization is striving for continuous improvement. It could be for various reasons. Some of them could be cost effectiveness, waste management, and quality standards. This can be an internal or within the company whereas increasing marketing strategy, business expansion, competition management, brand management, launching new products / services are considered as external reasons. The company is interested to work on both types of reasons. This is because only sharp minds can generate new ideas and develop third person point of views which is crucially important for the top management. Hence, it is the need of time to foster the culture of creativity and innovation at workplace so that people are actively involved in research and development activities for sustainable business growth. Youll be surprised to notice that human resource department is exclusively working on getting the right talent for right job in timely manner. It is interesting to study their policies of recruitment and selection procedures. This is observed mainly in multi-national companies. Now-a-days a lot of focus is given on hiring young professionals with 2-3 years relevant working experience. It is because these employees have become familiar with the corporate world but still have fire in the belly to prove and stand away from the crowd. They have developed lateral thinking approach and ready to face the challenges. In addition, they have limited liabilities and family concerns. Hence, they can work concentrate and maintain zeal, enthusiasm for long time. They can go for an extra mile to work extensively without any reason. As a result, the management can see their efforts turning into realities with good churning numbers in terms of targets. Hence, around 10-20% newly settled young horses are a must in a team. Their young proportion will give cutting-edge advantage to your team. Personality can be associated with the problem-solving skills. Generally, one can observe that people look at problems as dangers. They are bogged down and confused enough. Sometimes, there is a series of problems one after another. Naturally, the team tends to deviate from the organizational goals. Social, extrovert, dynamic, sporty and determined personalities are problem-solvers than problem-creators to the organization. They have great sense of belongingness. They are never afraid to take initiative and dont wait for somebody to give suggestions, orders or recommendations. In addition, those people who face the problems can give better and practical solutions. It is simply because they have understood the ground realities of the situation. Passion-driven team members enjoy working on problems. Tenacity is in their blood. They can analyse the problems critically, allocate the responsibilities amongst themselves and work in groups. Certainly, winning spirit and persistence is devel oped which take them to the top level. Leadership development is the one of the key aspects that could lay the foundation of employee-employer relationship. The search of excellence ends up with an effective and able leadership. Actually, leadership is an action. It generates the series of actions. A leader should be able to read the faces and minds. It empowers the team to act than to keep thinking. It provides mental support. He follows the principle of caring and sharing. He/she is approachable to all. His role is like a coach or a mentor. Democratic leadership nurtures assertiveness to the optimum level at workplace. People acceptance is possible in this context. In short, a leader can influence the team positively and boost their confidence to create wonders which they dont perceive probably. Steve jobs could be given as the best example. Rewards Recognition system plays important role in job performance. Most of the employees are keenly interested for appreciation. It is not always in the form of money. Small changes make a big difference. It is recommended that one should recognize and give certain credit to the concerned employee. It promotes winning spirit and expects repetitive actions on this ground. Others start following him/her. It is treated as best practice. Employees are sure that they will be rewarded and do more for the organization day-by-day. They create such paths which last for long time. It is beyond average performance and has large impact on the company. Allocation of tasks is sometimes challenging. However, if the tasks are allocated, assigned based on the core interest, skill-sets and potential of the team members, greater response is guaranteed with minimum supervision. It is natural that person can put his mind, heart and soul to complete the task in stipulated time. Here, the team leader has to have regular interactions with the team to know their nature, likes and dislikes, areas of interest etc. It would be easy for allocation. Conclusion (Recommendations): The above discussion shows that no business is left uncovered from the challenges, issues or concerns. However, it is possible to overcome them if one could succeed to establish the relationship between personality and performance. The company can start applying psychometric test during recruitments of new employees. SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats) Analysis is another practical and working solution during one-to-one interactions on monthly basis. It is essential to set standard benchmarks to measure performances mostly through objective means. Open Door Policy should be adopted at workplace. Employee welfare activities like Family Day / Birthday celebrations, team outings, and get-together motivate them to perform better and increase their level of satisfaction. Synergy is reflected through team-work. Cross-training programs could be another way. In short, personality and performance works hand-in-hand and they are two different sides of the same coin. There exi sts a strong relationship between the two and balance of them is win-win situation for all. References: Annie, S. and Anitha, K. (2014). Work-Life Balance of Women Academicians- An Empirical Study. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research (Volume 2), Pg 2-3. Armstrong M., Stephens T. (2005). A Handbook of Management and Leadership: A Guide to Managing for Results. Kogan Page Limited, London p. 174-175. Baird, M. (2011). The state, work and family in Australia. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(18): 37423754. Boxall, P. and Frenkel, S. (2012). Models of human resource management in Australia and NewZealand. In C Brewster and W Mayrhofer (eds) Handbook of research on comparative human resource management, 644662. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Boxall, P. and Purcell, J. (2011). Strategy and human resource management, 3rd edn. Palgrave Macmillan,Basingstoke. Burnes, B. (2004). Managing Change: A Strategic Approach to Organisational Dynamics. Financial Times Prentice Hall, 2004. Cardy, L. and Leonard, B. (2015). Performance Management: Concepts, Skills, and Exercises. Routledge, New York. CNN Money (2011). Global 500: Our annual ranking of the worlds largest corporations. https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2011/full_list/ (accessed 18 Jan 2013). Evenson R. (2011). Customer Service Training. American Management Association, New York p. 25-27. Handy, C. (2007). Understanding Organizations. Penguin UK. Kumar, V. Reinartz, W. (2012). Customer Relationship Management: Concept, Strategy and Tools. Springer, London p. 55-60 Mazerolle S. (2013). Fulfillment of WorkLife Balance from the Organizational Perspective: A Case Study. Journal of Athletic Training, 48(5); 668677. Menezes L, S Wood and G Gelade (2010). The integration of human resource and operation management practices and its link with performance: A longitudinal latent class study. Journal of Operations Management 28(6), 455471. Mullins, L. J. (2010). Behaviour, Management Organisational (9th ed.). Pearson Education Limited. McNalll L. A., Masuda A. D., Nicklin J. M. (2010). Flexible Work Arrangements, Job Satisfaction, and Turnover Intentions: The Mediating Role of Work-to-Family Enrichment. The Journal of Psychology. 144(1), 6181. Olena, S. (2012). Work-Life Balance in Organizational Subcultures: The Case of MUTUA. Pg. 34, 41, 45. Reis, M. (2010). Change that works. In M. Reis, A Manager's Guide to Human Behavior. Skinner, N, Chapman, J. (2013). Work-life balance and family friendly policies. Evidence Base. Solomon M. (2012).Hi-Tech, Hi-Touch Customer Service: Inspire Timeless Loyalty in the Demanding New World of Social Commerce. American Management Association, New York. p. 86-90 Tschohl J. (2007). Achieving Excellence through Customer Service. Best Sellers Publication Minnesota p. 285-285

Uniform education system in Pakistan Essay Example

Uniform education system in Pakistan Paper Shahzatb Qadeer Shaikh (17020011) Raazia Waseem Tuesday, October 15, 2013 The idea of a uniform education system for all is an exercise in futility. It can never happen. So resources should not be wasted on attempting to achieve the impossible. Poverty, terrorism and social and economic insecurity are a few of the numerous problems this country faces, the roots of all of which lie in a more basic issue: illiteracy. To solve the complex, ever-growing problem of illiteracy in Pakistan, numerous measures, including the prospect of a uniform education system, have been suggested. Although the idea of a uniform education system to tackle these problems shows promise because of the sense of unity and equality that it will give the nation and a more balanced educational curriculum it is expected to offer, the high costs relating to the project, the problems of centrally governing a one tier education system and the long period of time that it will take to properly implement the idea nationwide make it an exercise in futility. Broadly speaking there are 3 secondary education systems that exist in Pakistan: the SSC, HSC education system locally termed as the Metric/lntermediate system dministered by the Board of Secondary and Intermediate Education (BISE); the GCE (General Certificate of Education) system that replaces the SSC/HSC with O and A levels, administered by external British Examination Board of Cambridge; and the Maddersah system that is responsible for primarily providing religious education to children at secondary level. We will write a custom essay sample on Uniform education system in Pakistan specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Uniform education system in Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Uniform education system in Pakistan specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The education provided by the current SSC/HSC system has become totally outdated and given the pay scale of the average Pakistani citizen not everyone can afford to have their children study in the GCE system. There is need of a more balanced education system that provides up to date education to cater the needs of the modern world along with sufficient importance given to subjects like Urdu and religion which are somehow neglected in the GCE system. But a new uniform education system isnt really the answer to the problem, given sufficient funding and proper supervision the SSC/HSC curriculum can be re-written to modern standards to compete with external alternate examinations like the GCE system. The government can save on the huge costs of setting up the new one tier education ystem and use the capital elsewhere. Apart from that the existing 3 systems somehow create a barrier between the classes, the upper middle and elite class have their children study the GCE system the middle and lower class (those who can afford it) have their children study the Metric/lnter or Maddersah system. The gap between the classes has been deepened by the ever long economic crisis the country faces. A new uniform education system can give the privileged studying in the same schools in the same system will give the nation a sense of unitary direction. Then again it can be argued, education as a whole whether its uniform or systematic, teaches us about equality and unity. However, equality and unity are values which cannot and should not be drilled into young minds. These are the things that are understood and learnt more outside the class than inside, so no real need of a uniform education system exists for the sole purpose of promoting unity and equality. The idea of a single education system would mean that these education systems are replaced with a single centrally governed education system. The first thing to onsider is the new curriculum that has to be written up. A lot of research will be required to write up the new course outlines and the way they are taught. Extensive training for teachers in both rural and urban area will be required . This mean a lot of capital to start up with and continuous funding to keep the project running. Education projects in the early 2000s like the Education Sector Reforms ESR (2001-2003) passed by the Ministry of Education Pakistan were budgeted around Rs. 50-60 Billion, the budget for a project like a uniform education system of such a big cale would have to be even larger. Can a country with a budget deficit exceeding $5million afford such a project? Even if half of the capital that was spent earlier on previous projects is spent now under proper surveillance and without political bias, the existing SSC/HSC system can regain its former validity as a national education system that it had when it was originally introduced. Apart for the large costs attached to the idea of a uniform education system in the country the next big setback is the swarm of administrative problems that the project is deemed to face. The SSC/FSC system started failing to provide quality education to cater local needs in its early years because it was centralized. Although there are regional boards that are responsible for some aspects of education in their own particular districts but the main administrative responsibilities still rest in the hands of the BISE Pakistan. Dawood Shah in a Country report on Decentralization in the Education System of Pakistan stated: It is believed that highly centralized system of education is greatly hampering the efficiency and effectiveness of delivery service at the grass-root level. A decentralized education system can respond more effectively to local needs and will be easier to administer. A common education system being followed by the whole nation would mean a homogeneous standard of education being set wherever the education is being provided. This is a task near impossible because of the lack of trained staff available plus the huge geographical and cultural differences that exist in Pakistan. A uniform education system would not only be ineffective in delivery, it will also be suppressing cultural diversity which needs to be celebrated and built upon. Excessive training and better higher education facilities might solve the problem regarding the lack of trained staff but if a new uniform education has to be kept effective it has to be kept immune from diseases like corruption that mostly work when the system is large and highly centralized. Breaking down the system and giving more authority to the regional education and keep the system effective at every stage. More importantly, changes like these do not happen overnight and the time taken to bring a project into proper nationwide implementation has to be taken into onsideration while taking such a decision. Properly designing a new one tier education system and bringing it into working requires as much time as it does capital. A project of such a large scale could take up a decade to come into reality and keeping Pakistans progress on recent development projects in view it could take well over a decade. However reforms to the existing education system to rid it of errors and improvise the teaching standards requires lesser time and seems more practical as compared to the idea of designing a new one tier education system from scratch. Even if the project is successful people take time in placing their faith in something new. The parents who previously had their children studying the GCE curriculum would be reluctant to have their children study the new education system introduced by government. On the contrary if the SSC/FSC system is corrected and reformed to compete with modern education standards the parents would feel more comfortable in placing their trust in it. Not to forget that the GCE system gained popularity only recently and most of the parents themselves studied the SSC/HSC curriculum for heir secondary education. Although the countrys current situation makes it necessary for the government to rethink its education policies because of the failure of the existing education system to deliver quality education but the idea of a new education system will only be adding to the countrys cost and giving birth to more administrative problems in the already deeply faulted education system. However a series of education reforms to re-new the existing curriculum, re-train the faculty and rid it of flaws like corruption nd invalidity in terms of grading can bring about the same effects that the new single education system is aimed at doing. The solution is basically to rectify the system from the core not to replace it. Citations Dawood Shah, Country Report on Decentralization of Education System of Pakistan: Policies and strategies. Paragraph 3. http://www. aepam. edu. pk/Old/Publications/ Decentralization%20in%20the%20Education%20System%200f%20Pakistan. pdf ESR( Education sector Reforms) budget reference, http://siteresources. worldbank. org/ PAKISTANEXTN/Resources/Pakistan-Development-Forum/EduSectorReforms. pdf

What You Need to Know About a Virtual Internship

What You Need to Know About a Virtual Internship There was a time when the only way you could experience an internship was to be physically present at the employers location. Now that the Internet is available everywhere, virtual internships are becoming more popular. In a virtual internship, you can work remotely while still gaining that valuable experience. However, as with traditional internships, there are pros and cons to doing an internship primarily on your own. Read on to find out what you must know about such an arrangement. Competition for Positions May Be Stiffer In a traditional internship, the applicant pool generally consists of candidates who live within commuting distance of a business. When a company opens up an opportunity for a virtual internship, applicants may live almost anywhere. In that case, its likely that youll be competing against far more qualified people. You May Not Win a Full-Time Position Companies with lower budgets may use virtual interns to staff short-term or small projects. That might mean the company doesnt need you 40 hours a week. Of course, if your plate is full and you dont need to get in a certain number of hours, this could be a good thing for you. Youll Have to Cover Your Own Expenses One benefit of a traditional internship is that you go to a physical location and use the companys own resources, such as computers and printers. If youre doing an internship from school or home, youll most likely be footing the bill for those items yourself. Moreover, if your computer crashes, its your responsibility to get it fixed ASAP. Virtual Internships Only Work in Certain Industries A virtual intern can fill any job that a fulls of common fields include: Graphic design Social media management Editing Software and web development Research Accounting Obviously, any profession that involves working with people or equipment, such as healthcare, would not be open to virtual interns. Networking Wont Come Easy If youre not working at the companys physical location, you wont be making many new in-person contacts. Sure, youll be emailing or Skyping the people you work with directly, but you wont meet people from other departments in the hallway or the kitchen. If you crave social contact, you might find a virtual internship depressing. On the other hand, youll be able to connect online with people- possibly all over the country or the world- through intranets, LinkedIn, and other channels. You May Not Learn Much About the Company When you spend most of your internship in your own personal environment, you wont witness the operations of the company. Its possible that you wont get a good feel for what goes on daily at such a business. When its time to search for a full-time position, having to dress up, commute, and deal with co-workers may be a bit of an adjustment. You Need to Be a Self-Starter If you always relied on your roommate to wake you up for your class, or you tend to be a daydreamer, you may find it extremely difficult to stay on task with a virtual internship. People may check up on you via phone calls or emails, but most of the time, youll need to be able to complete the work yourself without a lot of supervision. Virtual Internships Offer Plenty of Benefits While there are negatives you must consider, virtual internships work very well for the right people. You can fit work in around another part-time job, family commitments, and other activities. You wont have to commute, so youll be safer, save money, and save the environment. More companies are hiring full-time employees with the understanding that the employees will work from home. As this trend continues, youll be well prepared to start a telecommuting career after completing a virtual internship. You wont be micromanaged. If youre an introvert or somebody who simply chafes at the idea of having a boss, less contact may be more comfortable for you.

Challenges which organisations and managers face

Challenges which organisations and managers face This report aims at understanding the challenges that managers and organisations face in going international, and will offer some recommendations and possible solutions that can be considered by the organisations. The number of corporations that are going international is on a steady increase, as the world is opening up for foreign firms and there is more opportunity to expand to new destinations across the globe. Most times, multinational companies operating abroad face much more difficult tasks than before, due to high competition. A lot of companies form partnerships with foreign distributors in order to expand internationally, but they might not have the necessary resources and international experience it takes to sustain an international presence as the whole process can be a very demanding task, especially on the part of the managers Countries of the world are now interacting more rapidly in the globalized business environment of today. Thus the problems involved in managing a cross diverse cultures affects not only the multinational corporations, but also domestic companies, as a large number of domestic corporations also face multi-cultural environments because they seem to be constantly selling their good or making purchases in the international markets. Some domestic corporations also employ a lot of staff and management who are from different cultures. Thus when managers fail to fully appreciate and deal with the resulting differences in behavior, attitudes and values of those with whom they work or interact, especially in international business transactions, then that would be a major source of difficulties. According to Charles Perrow â€Å"Interactive complexity is the measure of the degree to which we cannot foresee all the ways things can go wrong. This may be because there are just too many interactions to keep track of. More likely, it is because our various theories are simply not up to the task of modeling socio-technical interactions. Seco nd, coupling is a measure of the degree to which we cannot stop an impending disaster once it starts.† (Perrow, C 2000) This might be as a result of managers not having ample time, or maybe because it is not physically possible, or due to a lack of experience. The capacity of managers to prevent any surprises that may arise from doing business on an international scale diminishes as the interactive complexity increases. Therefore, as the level of interactive coupling and interactive complexity continues to increase in a corporation. Then the whole system can be seen as an accident waiting to occur. This is what Charles Perrow refers to as â€Å"normal accident† in the sense that errors of operation will merely serve to trigger the events. Therefore, the management techniques and strategies employed to resolve international business problems have to differ from the management techniques for resolving local and domestic problems. As such mangers are to improve upon their managerial capacity to prevent unanticipated interactions and components, the system has to be firstly simplified, then there has to be and effort to increase the capacity to handle international problems, building in longer response times, and decoupling of major components. Apart from convergent problems which are problems which show promise for solution, multicultural corporations also face divergent problems. Divergent problems don’t promise a solution and tend to lead to more differences. According to Tylor (1977)

Problems Of The Beginning Writer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems Of The Beginning Writer - Essay Example Writing about my anger did not offer enough time for my learning because I would not have enough time to express ideas. There was no one who would come by to support my desire to develop. This environment meant that my literacy skills failed to develop because the family condition denied me the opportunity I needed to develop them through experience with books and through correction. I discovered the importance of these skills in my life but it was unfortunate that I had no place or tools to facilitate the development competence in the language. In my young adulthood, I started to develop my language literacy skills but many times, I faced numerous challenges from my foster parents. At that age, it was very unfortunate that I lacked the vocabulary to construct sentences. I discovered that I had a hard time to make meaningful sentences regardless of the effort I put to write about my anger and the experiences I underwent at home. This issue exposed my limited skills in language litera cy because it was evident enough that I struggled to combine vocabularies to make sentences and combining them to form a good paragraph. This situation was discouraging to me but I had to do it regularly so that I could establish my competence in language and grow to be a good reader and writer later in my life. Later on, I would try to advance my writing skills through writing about the things in my family that angered me and in that way, I was able to relieve myself of the disappointment I experienced.... I discovered the importance of these skills in my life but it was unfortunate that I had no place or tools to facilitate the development competence in language. In my young adulthood, I started to develop my language literacy skills but many times, I faced numerous challenges from my foster parents. At that age, it was very unfortunate that I lacked vocabulary to construct sentences. I discovered that I had a hard time to make meaningful sentences regardless of the effort I put to write about my anger and the experiences I underwent at home. This issue exposed my limited skills in language literacy because it was evident enough that I struggled to combine vocabularies to make sentences and combining them to form a good paragraph. This situation was discouraging to me but I had to do it regularly so that I could establish my competence in language and grow to be a good reader and writer later in my life. As a student in college, I have discovered the importance of reading because I ha ve many volumes that I need to go through to achieve what I need to attain a degree. Through this experience, I discover how much I need to have the skills to avoid the negative impact of their lack on my performance while in college. I also discovered that my writing skills are below the average for a college student but, instead of getting discouraged by this, I feel motivated to develop them so that I can achieve my dream of authoring a book about my life dedicated to all women. Although I have put substantial effort, I have determined that my writing skills are not up to standard and therefore, I continue to develop my skills in reading and writing, to grow in vocabulary. My encounters as a child undermined my attempt to learn and

The Principle of Differentiated Responsibility and to What Extend It Essay

The Principle of Differentiated Responsibility and to What Extend It is Important for the Development of International Laws - Essay Example The countries in the world usually experience common environmental issues despite the fact that vital differences do exist in the responsibilities that they are charged with performing. The notion has increasingly been receiving recognition in the field of environmental international law (Morosin, p.109). The international laws regarding the environment usually cover treaty laws along with customary laws that aim at protecting the environment (Honkonnen, p.28). Treaty laws comprise of many treaties which are multilateral and can be interpreted using many different methods obtained from reading the simple texts they are contained in (United Nations Environment Programme, p.13). When controversies arise due to the different interpretations that exist, different interpretations can be applied in solving the questions at hand (Morosin, p.42). On the other hand, in customary laws, the wide consensus and conviction of most governments are required before they can be legally binding on the members. They immediately become operational upon being signed by the countries and they do not remain matters to be attended to when convenient (Bonilla &Burhenne-Guilmin, p.112). There are however major controversies that exist between which laws along with policies should be followed or implemented (Bortscheller, p.67). The organization for international labour appreciates that the fact that due to the different cultures, climate, industrial traditions and economic opportunities, uniformity in the global labour conditions is quite difficult to achieve (Morosin, p.86). The environmental declaration made in Rio states that in light of the different contributions by different countries towards the worldwide environmental degradation, the countries responsibilities are different in curbing the problem (United Nations Environment Programme, p.14). However, the developed countries in the world have already acknowledged their leading role in helping to clean up the environment (Kiss & S helton, p.76). This is because they are more advanced technologically and have adequate finances to steer their efforts towards eliminating the effects of their activities on the environment (Morosin, p.97). In addition, the climate change framework convention also stated that different countries within the globe should all participate in protecting their climatic systems based on equality (Bonilla &Burhenne-Guilmin, p.19). It also states that their activities should be performed in accordance with their diverse responsibilities along with capabilities (Bortscheller, p.112). Two major concerns are considered in the principles of differentiated responsibilities. The first concern of the principle is that the nations in the world should work together towards eliminating their common problems in protecting their environments at all levels (Morosin, p.177). Secondly, it concerns itself with the different responsibilities along with capabilities that different nations have in their activ ities of protecting their environment (Bonilla &Burhenne-Guilmin, p.68). The Stockholm along with the Rio declarations facilitate for the differences in finances and technology among the countries in the world that are participating in the environments protection along with cleanup (Kiss & Shelton, p.149).The declaration of Stockholm holds that the international community should consider the difference that exists in the standards of facilities between the